Stdlib
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Notes
- collections — specialized containers The collections module provides container types that are faster or more ergonomic than list/dict for specific patterns.
- itertools — efficient iterator combinators itertools provides building blocks for working with iterators lazily and memory-efficiently.
- functools — higher-order function utilities The most-used items: lru_cache, cached_property, partial, wraps, reduce, singledispatch.
- Context managers: the with protocol and contextlib 5 A context manager pairs setup with guaranteed cleanup: with open(p) as f: closes the file however the block ends.
- dataclasses — boilerplate-free data classes @dataclass (3.7+) generates __init__, __repr__, __eq__, and optionally other dunder methods, based on class-level type-annotated fields.
- pathlib and logging 5 Two stdlib modules everyone uses but few use well.
- concurrent.futures 5 One API, three executors. ThreadPoolExecutor, ProcessPoolExecutor and, since 3.14, InterpreterPoolExecutor take the same calls — submit, map, shutdown — and…
- dataclasses vs Pydantic v2 vs attrs 7 Three competing ways to declare "a class with named fields" in modern Python.